Koy Sanjaq (KS): The words of your own Jews off Koy Sanjaq, resident given that in the 1951 from inside the Israel
Guidance is inspired by Robert Hoberman (personal correspondence). This seems to be generally associate of the Jewish dialects of a number of other towns of the region as well, and Aqra and you will Rawanduz.
not, inside dialect there is certainly an extremely unusual change off h to h regarding the third person only 1 possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The words of your own Jews off Iranian Azerbaijan, also communities in the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you will Yuksekova. Info is from Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): The language of Jews of Halabja into Iran-Iraq border. This is very close to the Jewish dialects of one’s almost every other cities of the region, and additionally Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you will Panjwin. Suggestions arises from my personal notes.
We will contrast these types of languages with regard to twenty-four phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you will lexical conditions. Following Hetzron (1976, 98), i’ve picked just innovations as criteria to possess group. You will find picked good disproportionate quantity of morphological requirements, therefore we shall provide them with special pounds, once more adopting the Hetzron, however, other common innovations could be regarded as better.
Mention plus the more difficult maintenance and even installation regarding inside Koy Sanjaq said of the Hoberman (1985)
While we examine the brand new languages of NENA we are going to make an effort to dictate the extent to which the latest dialects express a definite development hence is different from Turoyo and Mandaic. At the same time, we’re going to get a hold of bundles of isoglosses within NENA.
(1) Fret is generally penultimate in all the latest NA languages, together with Turoyo and you will Mandaic not regarding around three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you may Halabja, which often be concerned the very last syllable. This type of languages see, in this way, such as a lot more (Garbell 1965), to exhibit an abnormally solid dictate off Kurdish.
(2) The NENA dialects enjoys blended h and you can x. For the Hertevin as a result, h, and everywhere else it’s x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you may dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]a ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you will +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Both Turoyo and you may Mandaic hold independent h and you can x. Certain NENA languages enjoys reintroduced h once the a borrowing from the bank away from Kurdish otherwise Arabic otherwise out-of Classical Syriac or Hebrew.(5) not, brand new passed down code constantly reveals x. Including, inside the Tisqopa you will find lent Arabic terms, such as for instance sahabi ‘friend’, with h, but inherited terminology for example laxma ‘bread’ continuously show x. (6)
(3) Most of the NENA languages except Hertevin and you can Zakho have lost very period off inherited. Eg, inside the Aradhin we find arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ comparable to Syriac arb good and you can afra. In the Hertevin as well as in Zakho, passed on are regularly ?: Hertevin so?a great ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you can Alon 1979, 189). In lots of almost every other dialects millionairematch most are kept just like the ?, and you may, regarding others, is gone totally. Some dialects keeps reintroduced lent off Arabic or Kurdish. Such as, Halabja have ayza ‘good’.
(4) Inside before dialects of Aramaic, as in Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] shortly after a vowel. So it alternation might have been lexicalized in the NENA, having both t or [Theta] spread by way of whole paradigms, if preceded of the good vowel or perhaps not. Like, in Aradhin the verb ‘come’ presently has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, but also [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Subsequent, in a few languages the brand new phoneme [Theta] has undergone even more changes. In some languages [Theta] have merged to t, as well as in other people it has become s if not l.(7) In a single dialect, Jilu, it has become h immediately after which come removed but at start of a phrase. The three easternmost Jewish languages express the fresh shocking move regarding [Theta] to at least one. The outcomes of them change is visible about keyword ‘house’ hence looks in almost any dialects just like the feel:[Theta]a (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you may besa (Sanandaj Christian).
